In 2005, Kalamazoo embarked on a bold experiment to save itself by giving local students free college tuition, called the Kalamazoo Promise. Thirteen years later: overall college enrollment has grown by 4 percentage points, remained unchanged for minority students and primarily benefitted white, middle-class and upper-class women. (By Josh Mitchell and Michelle Hackman, Wall Street Journal, June 29, 2019)

https://www.wsj.com/articles/does-free-college-work-kalamazoo-offers-some-answers-11561741553?mod=searchresults&page=1&pos=1